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A fiber optic gyro is a high-precision sensor in the class of fiber-optic interferometers designed to measure angular velocity. It transmits two laser beams- one going in the opposite direction and the other in the same direction through a fiber coil. Angular velocity is calculated based on propagation time difference between the two beams (Beat Note) during rotation. Since it contains no mechanical rotating parts, FOGs do not practically wear out and do not drift over long periods of operation, achieving extremely high stability and longevity; these are therefore the main types used in inertial navigation systems.

FOGs present great sensitivity to vibration, interference, and temperature drift; therefore, precision can be maintained even in extreme conditions. This in turn widens their application fields—from aerospace and missile guidance to marine mapping systems and unmanned systems (UAVs, UGVs), underground tunnel inspection, intelligent transportation—capable of supporting applications from tactical to navigation and strategic levels that require dynamic attitude sensing with different degrees of navigation accuracy.

With sustained development coming from the side of fiber optic manufacturing technology and digital signal processing capabilities, the most modern versions of fiber optic gyros are heading toward miniaturization, modularization, and intelligentization. Digital output, multi-axis configuration, low-power operation, and flexible integration within different navigation modules or IMUs support many high-end FOG products. FOG has taken its place as one of the irreplaceable core components in precision navigation systems due to its high reliability and excellent performance.